APPLICATION

Phased array ultrasonics (PA) is an advanced method of ultrasonic testing that has applications in industrial nondestructive testing. Common applications are to find flaws in manufactured materials such as welds.

Phased array is widely used for nondestructive testing (NDT) in several industrial sectors, such as construction, pipelines, and power generation. This method is an advanced NDT method that is used to detect discontinuities i.e. cracks or flaws and thereby determine component quality. Due to the possibility to control parameters such as beam angle and focal distance, this method is very efficient regarding the defect detection and speed of testing. Apart from detecting flaws in components, phased array can also be used for wall thickness measurements in conjunction with corrosion testing. Phased array can be used also for the following industrial purposes:

• • Inspection of welds
  • Thickness measurements
  • Corrosion inspection
  • Flaw detection
  • Rolling stock inspection (wheels and axles)

APPLICATION

Time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) method of ultrasonic testing is a sensitive and accurate method for the nondestructive testing of welds for defects. TOFD originated from tip diffraction techniques that Measuring the amplitude of reflected signal is a relatively unreliable method of sizing defects because the amplitude strongly depends on the orientation of the crack. Instead of amplitude, TOFD uses the time of flight of an ultrasonic pulse to determine the position and size of a reflector.

In a TOFD system, a pair of ultrasonic probes are placed on opposite sides of a weld. One of the probes, the transmitter, emits an ultrasonic pulse that is picked up by the probe on the other side, the receiver, in undamaged pipes, the signals picked up by the receiver probe are from two waves: one that travels along the surface and one that reflects off the far wall. When a crack is present, there is a diffraction of the ultrasonic wave from the tip(s) of the crack. Using the measured time of flight of the pulse, the depth of a crack tips can be calculated automatically by simple trigonometry.

The common application of TOFD is together with Phased Array in the weld and material inspection.

APPLICATION

Is a non-destructive testing (NDT) process for detecting surface and shallow subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials , The presence of a surface or subsurface discontinuity in the material allows the magnetic flux to leak, since air cannot support as much magnetic field per unit volume as metals.To identify a leak, ferrous particles, either dry or in a wet suspension, are applied to a part. These are attracted to an area of flux leakage and form what is known as an indication, which is evaluated to determine its nature, cause, and course of action, the magnetic particle test can be detect defects such as cracks, laps, seams, cold shuts, delamination, porosity and other types of defects

The basic procedure that is followed to perform magnetic particle testingconsist of the following:

• Pre-cleaning of component
• Introduction of Magnetic field
• Application of magnetic media
• Interpretation of magnetic particle indications

APPLICATION

Penetrant testing (PT), is a widely applied and low-cost inspection method used to locate surface-breaking defects in all non-porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics). The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous components magnetic-particle inspection is often used instead for its subsurface detection capability. Penetrant test is used to detect casting, forging and welding surface defects such as cracks, laps, seams, cold shuts, delamination, porosity and other types of defects, the penetrant test can be used in visible pénétrant test or flourescent penetrant test, the second is more sensibility than the first.

• • API 510 for pressure vessel inspection
  • API 570 for piping inspection
  • API 653 for tank inspection
  • AWS-CWI for weld examination
  • NACE CP for cathodic protection assesment
  • NACE CIP for coating inspection